Mineral complex, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same

ABSTRACT

The invention provides inter alia a mineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO 2 , about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe 2 O 3 , about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, wherein at least 85% of the mineral complex has a particle size of about 10 to about 6000 mesh, related compositions and methods for their use, including for growth medium augmentation and remediation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/323,139, filed Apr. 12, 2010, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/352,464, filed on Jun. 8, 2010, which areincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Growth media, which includes soil and water, are essential fornutrient-dense production of a variety of cultivars, such as thosesuitable for human and livestock feed. In addition to providing a stablebase that supports plant roots and above-soil plant mass, soils storewater and nutrients required for plant growth via a series ofinter-related mechanisms. Water also provides support for severalvarieties of plants, as well as nutrients necessary for growth.

Expanding industrial agriculture practices and dramatically changingweather patterns continue to damage and deplete the soil matrix.Intensive plowing and monocrop agriculture systems result in nutrientdepletion and wide-scale soil erosion, and the over-application offertilizers, herbicides and pesticides contaminate soils and pollutewaterways.

The runoff of fertilizers and pesticides, and the contamination ofwaterways from other sources, can cause the nutrient balance in thesewaterways to become less than optimal. In this condition, the waterwaysmay not support plant growth therein.

Crop harvesting is itself a primary factor in soil and water depletion.Each harvest can result in a significant loss of nutrients and moisturefrom the soil. Without replenishment, the land rapidly degrades due tonutrient depletion, and crops become increasingly nutrient poor.Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil whileminimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas ormineral ores.

Other contaminants adversely impact water and soil growth media. Recentyears have seen contamination due to weather (e.g., sodium and othersalts deposited on the soil via sea water as a result of hurricanes,tropical storms, or tsunamis), accidents (e.g., oil spills duringdrilling or production), and industrial discharge. This contaminationreduces the ability of the water and soil to support plant growth.

In an effort to address the deficiencies in soil, amendments have beendeveloped which, when added to soil, improve plant growth and health.Generally speaking, an amendment is any material added to a soil toimprove its physical, biochemical, or chemical properties. An amendmentor a combination of amendments are often applied to the soil in aneffort to address soil deficiencies.

In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for economically-viablematerials which, when applied onto soil and water, address one or moreof the foregoing issues. The present invention meets these and otherneeds by providing materials and compositions suitable for applicationonto soil and water, and related methods for their use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a line graph depicting the soil water content (v/v) for soiltreated with 1.0 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet (lb N/M)(control) and soil treated with 1.0 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 squarefeet (lb N/M) and the mineral complex (mineral complex).

FIG. 2 is a bar graph depicting the total root length (cm) for commonbermudagrass grown in soil treated with various application rates ofnitrogen (control) and soil treated with various application rate ofnitrogen and the mineral complex (mineral complex).

FIG. 3 is a bar graph depicting the root surface area (cm²) for commonbermudagrass grown in soil treated with various application rates ofnitrogen (control) and soil treated with various application rates ofnitrogen and the mineral complex (mineral complex).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a mineral complex comprising about40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃,about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. %MgO.

In a related aspect, the invention provides a composition whichcomprises the foregoing mineral complex and at least one other componentas described herein.

A further aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising amineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO,and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, and at least one of a seed, abinder, a fertilizing agent, mulch or water.

Another aspect of the invention provides a process for augmenting soil,water or sand comprising applying onto the soil, water or sand a mineralcomplex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. %to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, or a composition comprising the mineralcomplex, wherein the mineral complex (or composition which comprises themineral complex) is applied onto the soil or sand in an amountsufficient to provide for the application thereto of the mineral complexin an amount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre to about 10,000 lbs peracre or, in the case of water applications, in an amount sufficient toprovide for the application thereto of the mineral complex in an amountranging from about 50 lbs to about 5000 lbs of the mineral complex per5,000 square feet of surface area of water. The composition used in theaforesaid augmentation process may desirably also comprise one or moreof seed, a binder, a fertilizing agent, mulch or water.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for enhancingmoisture retention in soil comprising applying onto the soil a mineralcomplex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. %to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, or a composition which comprises themineral complex, wherein the mineral complex (or a compositioncomprising the mineral complex) is applied onto the soil in an amountsufficient to provide for the application thereto of the mineral complexin an amount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre to about 10,000 lbs peracre, and wherein the soil onto which the mineral complex (orcomposition) has been applied exhibits enhanced moisture retentionrelative to untreated soil.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a process for enhancingthe germination rate of a seed in a growth medium comprising implantingthe seed in the growth medium and applying onto the growth medium amineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO,and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, or a composition which comprisesthe mineral complex.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides a process for mitigatingerosion in soil comprising applying onto the soil a mineral complexcomprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. %to about 8 wt. % MgO, or a composition which comprises the mineralcomplex, wherein the mineral complex has an average particle size fromabout 200 to about 6000 mesh, and wherein the mineral complex (orcomposition thereof) is introduced into the sand in an amount sufficientto provide for the application of the mineral complex in an amountranging from about 200 lbs per acre to about 10,000 lbs per acre.

A further aspect of the invention provides a process for remediatingsoil having an elevated level of sodium (Na) relative to normal soilcomprising applying onto the soil having an elevated level of sodiumrelative to normal soil a mineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % toabout 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt.% to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, or acomposition comprising the mineral complex, wherein the mineral complex(or composition thereof) is applied onto the soil in an amountsufficient to provide for the application of the mineral complex in anamount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre to about 10,000 lbs per acre.

A related aspect of the invention provides a process for enhancing theability of sodium-enriched soil to support vegetation comprisingintroducing into the soil a mineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % toabout 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt.% to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, or acomposition comprising the mineral complex, wherein the mineral complex(or composition thereof) is applied onto the soil in an amountsufficient to provide for the application of the mineral complex in anamount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre to about 10,000 lbs per acre,and wherein the soil into which the mineral complex has been introducedexhibits enhanced vegetation relative to untreated soil.

The invention also provides a process for remediating contaminated soilcomprising applying onto the soil a mineral complex comprising about 40wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃,about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. %MgO, or a composition comprising the mineral complex.

The invention also provides a method for remediating water contaminatedby hydrocarbons (e.g., oil or oil-based materials) comprising applyingonto the contaminated water a mineral complex comprising about 40 wt. %to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, ora composition comprising the mineral complex.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a mineral complex, and compositions comprising amineral complex, that are useful as an amendment for growth media, forsoil remediation, and related methods of use. The mineral complex issuitable for use on a variety of growth media, for example, soil(including sand, silt, clay, or combinations thereof) and water, andalso is useful in amending such growth media, as well as remediatingsoil and water, as will be more fully described herein.

The mineral complex of the invention may be obtained from any naturalmineral source. In this regard, the mineral complex of the invention isa natural product which may be used for the production of organic foods.In particular, the mineral complex of the invention meets OrganicMaterials Review Institute (OMRI) certification standards asorganic/non-synthesized inputs: natural mineral deposits that are notchemically processed/altered. The mineral complex of the invention alsoqualifies as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for foodprocessing applications.

Desirably, the mineral complex of the invention is obtained fromvolcanic (mineral) deposits. For example, the mineral deposit may belocated in non-porous naturally altered volcanic lava, from highlyporous naturally altered volcanic ash, or the mineral complex may beprepared from a combination of non-porous naturally altered volcaniclava and highly porous naturally altered volcanic ash.

The mineral complex of the invention may be obtained from any sourcethat extracts mineral deposits having the characteristics describedherein. The mineral complex may be obtained from one source or fromseveral different sources. For example, the mineral complex may beprepared from one natural source of mineral deposit having thecharacteristics described herein, or the mineral complex can be preparedby mixing together several different mineral deposits to achieve amineral complex having the characteristics described herein. It shouldbe further understood that when the mineral complex of the invention isobtained from a natural source, the mineral complex may vary in contentfrom source to source and batch to batch. However, analyses of themineral complex may be routinely performed in accordance with techniquesknown to those skilled in the art to ensure that the quality of themineral complex is maintained from batch to batch and from source tosource.

The mineral complex of the invention comprises numerous minerals andelements as described herein. Unless otherwise indicated by language orcontext, references to weight percents of the minerals and elements ofwhich the mineral complex is comprised are based on the total weight ofthe mineral complex.

The component having the highest weight percent (wt. %) in the mineralcomplex is silicon dioxide (SiO₂). For example, the mineral complex maycomprise about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, about 42 wt. % to about 58wt. %, about 45 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, about 45 wt. % to about 55 wt.%, about 45 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, about 46 wt. % to about 56 wt. %,about 47 wt. % to about 55 wt. %, about 47 wt. % to about 54 wt. %,about 48 wt. % to about 53 wt. %, about 49 wt. % to about 53 wt. %,about 51 wt. % to about 54 wt. %, about 51 wt. % to about 53 wt. %,about 46 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, about 46 wt. % to about 49 wt. %, orabout 47 wt. % to about 49 wt. % SiO₂. Desirably, the mineral complexcomprises less than 56 wt. % (e.g., about 45 wt. %, about 46 wt. %,about 47 wt. %, about 48 wt. %, about 49 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about 51wt. %, about 52 wt. %, about 53 wt. %, about 54 wt. %, or about 55 wt.%) SiO₂.

The mineral complex of the invention also may comprise an iron oxide(e.g., FeO, Fe₂O₃, or Fe₃O₄). For example, the mineral complex maycomprise about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. %, about 8 wt. % to about 16 wt.% (e.g., about 8 wt. %, about 9 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 11 wt. %,about 12 wt. %, about 13 wt. %, about 14 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, or about16 wt %), about 8 wt. % to about 12 wt. %, about 9 wt. % to about 15 wt.%, about 10 wt. % to about 14 wt. %, about 9 wt. % to about 14 wt. %,about 10 wt. % to about 13 wt. %, about 12 wt. % to about 14 wt. %, orabout 12 wt. % to about 16 wt. % FeO, Fe₂O₃, or Fe₃O₄.

The mineral complex of the invention also may comprise calcium oxide(CaO). For example, the mineral complex may comprise about 4 wt. % toabout 12 wt. %, about 6 wt. % to about 12 wt. %, about 6 wt. % to about11 wt. %. (e.g., about 6 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, about 8 wt. %, about 9wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 11 wt. %), about 6 wt. % to about 10 wt. %,about 7 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, or about 7 wt. % to about 9 wt. % CaO.

The mineral complex of the invention also may comprise magnesium oxide(MgO). For example, the mineral complex may comprise about 2 wt. % toabout 8 wt. %, about 4 wt. % to about 8 wt. % (e.g., about 4 wt. %,about 5 wt. %, about 6 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, or about 8 wt. %), about 4wt. % to about 6 wt. %, about 5 wt. % to about 8 wt. %, about 4 wt. % toabout 7 wt. %, or about 5 wt. % to about 6 wt. % MgO.

It is contemplated that the foregoing ranges of each component of themineral complex may be present in the mineral complex in anycombination. For example, the mineral complex may comprise about 40 wt.% to about 60 wt. % SiO₂, about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4wt. % to about 12 wt. %. CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO, orthe mineral complex may comprise about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂,about 12 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 7 wt. % to about 11 wt. %.CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO. Additional exemplarymineral complexes may comprise about 47 wt. % to about 54 wt. % SiO₂,about 9 wt. % to about 15 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 6 wt. % to about 10 wt. %CaO, and about 4 wt. % to about 7 wt. % MgO; about 48 wt. % to about 53wt. % SiO₂, about 10 wt. % to about 14 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 6 wt. % toabout 9 wt. % CaO, and about 4 wt. % to about 6 wt. % MgO; about 49 wt.% to about 53 wt. % SiO₂, about 9 wt. % to about 12 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 7wt. % to about 9 wt. % CaO, and about 5 wt. % to about 6 wt. % MgO; orabout 47 wt. % to about 49 wt. % SiO₂, about 12 wt. % to about 15 wt. %Fe₂O₃, about 8 wt. % to about 10 wt. % CaO, and about 5 wt. % to about 7wt. % MgO.

Preferably, the mineral complex comprises about 47 to about 49 (about48) wt. % SiO₂, about 13 to about 15 (about 14) wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 8 toabout 10 (about 9) wt. % CaO, and about 5 to about 7 (about 6) wt. %MgO. In another embodiment, the mineral complex comprises about 49 toabout 51 (about 50) wt. % SiO₂, about 12 to about 14 (about 13) wt. %Fe₂O₃, about 8 to about 10 (about 9) wt. % CaO, and about 5 to about 7(about 6) wt. % MgO. In yet another preferred embodiment, the mineralcomplex comprises about 52 to about 54 (about 53) wt. % SiO₂, about 9 toabout 11 (about 10) wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 6 to about 8 (about 7) wt. % CaO,and about 4 to about 6 (about 5) wt. % MgO.

The mineral complex of the invention also may further comprise aluminumoxide (Al₂O₃). Preferably, the mineral complex may comprise less thanabout 16 wt. % Al₂O₃ (e.g., about 15.5 wt. % or less). For example, themineral complex may comprise about 9 wt. % to about 15 wt. % (e.g.,about 10 wt. %, about 11 wt. %, about 12 wt. %, about 13 wt. %, about 14wt. %, about 15 wt. %), about 12 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, about 13 wt. %to about 15 wt. %, about 14 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, or about 13.5 wt. %to about 15.5 wt. % Al₂O₃. The mineral complex of the invention also mayfurther comprise sodium oxide (Na₂O). For example, the mineral complexcomprises about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % or about 2 wt. % to about 3 wt.% (e.g., about 2 wt. %, about 2.5 wt. %, or about 3 wt. %) Na₂O.

In one embodiment of the invention, the mineral complex comprises about46 wt. % to about 50 wt. % SiO₂, about 12 wt. % to about 14 wt. % Fe₂O₃,about 8 wt. % to about 10 wt. % CaO, about 5 wt. % to about 7 wt. % MgO,about 14 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Al₂O₃, and about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt.% Na₂O.

Desirably, the mineral complex also may comprise at least one or morerare earth elements (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four,or at least five). As defined by IUPAC, rare earth elements (whichinclude for purposes of the invention that which may be referred to asrare earth metals) are a collection of seventeen chemical elements inthe periodic table, namely scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and the fifteenlanthanoids: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd),terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm),ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). The rare earth elements are alsoreferred to as light rare earth elements (lanthanum, ceriumpraseodymium, neodymium, promethium, and samarium) and heavy rare earthelements (europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium,thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium and yttrium are consideredrare earths since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as thelanthanoids and exhibit similar chemical properties.

In this regard, the mineral complex may comprise one or more rare earthelements selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium,lanthanum, cerium praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium,europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,ytterbium, and lutetium. It is desirable that the mineral complexcomprise at least one light rare earth element and at least one heavyrare earth element. In other embodiments, the mineral complex maycomprise only light rare earth elements or only heavy rare earthelements. In a preferred embodiment, the mineral complex may compriseless than 50 ppm of each rare earth element. For example, the mineralcomplex may comprise about 40 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 25 ppm, about 20ppm, about 15 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 3 ppm,about 2 ppm, about 1 ppm, or about 0.5 ppm of one or more rare earthelements. In another embodiment the mineral complex may comprise about0.5 ppm to about 49 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 0.5 ppm toabout 30 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 20ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about0.5 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 0.5 ppm to about 1 ppm, or about 0.5 ppmof one or more rare earth elements.

In a further embodiment, the mineral complex may comprise one or more ofthe following oxidized components: potassium oxide (K₂O), chromium oxide(Cr₂O₃), titanium oxide (TiO₂), manganese oxide (MnO), phosphorous oxide(P₂O₅), strontium oxide (SrO), and barium oxide (BaO). For example, themineral complex may comprise about 0.001 wt. % to about 3 wt. %. about0.01 wt. % to about 3 wt. %, about 0.01 wt. % to about 2 wt. %, about0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. %, or about 0.5 wt. % to about 1 wt. % K₂O,Cr₂O₃, TiO₂, MnO, P₂O₅, SrO, and/or BaO. In one embodiment, the mineralcomplex comprises less than about 3 wt. % (e.g., about 2.5 wt. %, about2 wt. %, about 1.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, or less than0.5 wt. %) K₂O, Cr₂O₃, TiO₂, MnO, P₂O₅, SrO, and/or BaO. In anotherembodiment, the mineral complex comprises one or more of the following:about 0.5 wt. % to about 0.9 wt. % K₂O, about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.03wt. % Cr₂O₃, about 1.0 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % TiO₂, about 0.1 wt. % toabout 0.3 wt. % MnO, about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.3 wt. % P₂O₅, about 0.01wt. % to about 0.05 wt. % SrO, and/or about 0.01 wt. % to about 0.03 wt.% BaO.

The mineral complex of the invention also may comprise carbon (C).Preferably, the mineral complex comprises less than about 2 wt. % C. Forexample, the mineral complex may comprise about 1.5 wt. %, about 1.0 wt.%, about 0.5 wt. %, about 0.25 wt. %, about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.05 wt. %,about 0.04 wt. %, about 0.03 wt. %, or less than about 0.03 wt. % C. Themineral complex of the invention also may comprise sulfur (S).Preferably, the mineral complex comprises less than 1% S. For example,the mineral complex may comprise about 0.9 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about0.25 wt. %, about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.05 wt. %, about 0.04 wt. %, about0.03 wt. %, about 0.02 wt. %, about 0.01 wt. %, or less than about 0.01wt. % S.

The mineral complex of the invention also may further comprise at leastone or more of (e.g., at least two or more of, at least three or moreof, at least four or more of, or at least five or more of) thefollowing: silver (Ag), barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), caesium(Cs), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), niobium(Nb), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr),tantalum (Ta), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V),tungsten (W), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). When present, the mineralcomplex preferably comprises less than 1000 ppm each of Ag, Ba, Co, Cr,Cs, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Zn, orZr. For example, the mineral complex may comprise one or more of (e.g.,at least two or more of, at least three or more of, at least four ormore of, or at least five or more of) Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Hf,Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Zn, and Zr in theranges set forth in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Range (ppm based on total weight Element of mineral complex) Agabout 0.0001 ppm to about 10 ppm Ba about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm Coabout 0.01 ppm to about 200 ppm Cr about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm Cs about0.0001 ppm to about 50 ppm Cu about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm Ga about0.001 ppm to about 200 ppm Hf about 0.001 ppm to about 50 ppm Mo about0.001 ppm to about 25 ppm Nb about 0.001 ppm to about 100 ppm Ni about 1ppm to about 400 ppm Pb about 0.001 ppm to about 25 ppm Rb about 1 ppmto about 400 ppm Sn about 0.0001 ppm to about 15 ppm Sr about 1 ppm toabout 600 ppm Ta about 0.0001 ppm to about 10 ppm Th about 0.001 ppm toabout 200 ppm Tl about 0.0001 ppm to about 25 ppm U about 0.0001 ppm toabout 25 ppm V about 1 ppm to about 600 ppm W about 0.0001 ppm to about25 ppm Zn about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm Zr about 1 ppm to about 400 ppm

The mineral complex of the invention also may comprise one or more of(e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or all six of) the following:arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se),and tellurium (Te). Preferably, the mineral complex comprises less than5 ppm of As, less than 5 ppm of Bi, less than 1 ppm of Hg, less than 5ppm of Sb, less than 5 ppm of Se, and/or less than 5 ppm of Te. Forexample, the mineral complex may comprise one or more of (e.g., one,two, three, four, five, or all six of) As, Bi, Hg, Sb, Se, and Te in theranges set forth in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Range (ppm based on total weight Element of mineral complex) Asabout 0.0001 ppm to about 4 ppm Bi about 0.0001 ppm to about 4 ppm Hgabout 0.00001 ppm to about 0.5 ppm Sb about 0.0001 ppm to about 2 ppm Seabout 0.0001 ppm to about 4 ppm Te about 0.0001 ppm to about 2 ppm

In one embodiment, the mineral complex described herein has one or more(e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five) ofthe following characteristics: an average weight in tons per cubic yardof about 1 to about 1.5 (e.g., about 1.3); a loss on ignition of about0.2% to about 0.3% (e.g., about 0.25%); a fusion of about 2100 to about2300 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g., about 2200); a mill abrasion loss(A.R.E.A.) of about 5% to about 6% (e.g., about 5.4%); a L.A. abrasionloss according to ASTM C535-89 of about 7.2 to about 8.2 (e.g., about7.7); a L.A. abrasion loss according to ASTM C 131-89 of about 10.3 toabout 11.3 (e.g., about 10.8); a specific gravity according to ASTM C97of about 2.900 to about 3.060 (e.g., about 2.980); a specific gravityaccording to ASTM C 127 of about 2.900 to about 3.060 (e.g., about2.980); an absorption according to ASTM C 127 of less than about 0.5%(e.g., less than 0.4%); and/or a soundness loss according to ASTM C 88Mg Su of about 0.25% to about 0.75% (e.g., about 0.5%).

The mineral complex of the invention may be obtained in any physicalsize. Preferably, however, the mineral complex is crushed, ground,and/or milled into a powdered form using any routine methods known inthe art.

In one embodiment, the mineral complex is in a powdered form wherein theparticles have an average particle size of about 10 to about 6000 mesh(e.g., about 100 to about 6000 mesh, about 200 to about 6000 mesh, about10 to about 1000 mesh, about 200 to about 4000 mesh). In one embodiment,the particles are very fine and have an average particle size of about400 to about 6000 mesh, which corresponds to a size of about 37 micronsto about 1 micron. For example, and in this embodiment, the particlesmay have an average particle size of about 400 to about 6000 mesh, about400 to about 5000 mesh, about 400 to about 4000 mesh, about 400 to about3000 mesh, about 400 to about 2000 mesh, about 400 to about 1000 mesh,about 400 to about 900 mesh, about 400 to about 800 mesh, about 400 toabout 700 mesh, about 400 to about 600 mesh, about 400 to about 500mesh, about 500 to about 6000 mesh, about 600 to about 6000 mesh, about700 to about 6000 mesh, about 800 to about 6000 mesh, about 900 to about6000 mesh, about 1000 to about 6000 mesh, about 2000 to about 6000 mesh,about 3000 to about 6000 mesh, about 4000 to about 6000 mesh, about 5000to about 6000 mesh, about 500 to about 5000 mesh, about 600 to about4000 mesh, about 700 to about 3000 mesh, about 800 to about 2000 mesh,about 900 to about 1000 mesh, about 1000 to about 6000 mesh, about 1500to about 5500 mesh, about 2500 to about 5000 mesh, about 3000 to about4500 mesh, about 3500 to about 4000 mesh, or about 4000 to about 6000mesh.

In a related embodiment, the particles are slightly larger, having anaverage particle size of about 200 to about 400 mesh, which correspondsto a size of about 74 microns to about 37 microns. For example, and inthis embodiment, the particles may have an average particle size ofabout 200 to about 400 mesh, about 230 to about 400 mesh, about 250 toabout 400 mesh, about 275 to about 400 mesh, about 300 to about 400mesh, about 325 to about 400 mesh, about 350 to about 400 mesh, about375 to about 400 mesh, about 200 to about 375 mesh, about 200 to about350 mesh, about 200 to about 325 mesh, about 200 to about 300 mesh,about 200 to about 275 mesh, about 200 to about 250 mesh, about 200 toabout 225 mesh, or about 250 to about 350 mesh.

In yet another related embodiment, the particles have an even largerparticle size of about 10 to about 200 mesh, which corresponds to a sizeof about 2000 microns to about 74 microns. For example, and in thisembodiment, the particles can have an average particle size of about 10to about 200 mesh, about 20 to about 200 mesh, about 40 to about 200mesh, about 60 to about 200 mesh, about 80 to about 200 mesh, about 100to about 200 mesh, about 120 to about 200 mesh, about 140 to about 200mesh, about 160 to about 200 mesh, about 180 to about 200 mesh, about 10to about 180 mesh, about 10 to about 160 mesh, about 10 to about 140mesh, about 10 to about 120 mesh, about 10 to about 100 mesh, about 10to about 80 mesh, about 10 to about 60 mesh, about 10 to about 40 mesh,about 10 to about 20 mesh, about 40 to about 180 mesh, about 60 to about160 mesh, or about 80 to about 140 mesh. In a further relatedembodiment, the particles have an average particle size of about 50 toabout 400 mesh, about 100 to about 400 mesh, about 120 to about 400mesh, about 140 to about 400 mesh, or about 170 to about 400 mesh. Theconversion of mesh sizes to microns is well known in the art.

The mineral complex described herein is useful in a variety of differentapplications, as described herein. Upon referring to the disclosureprovided herein, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theparticle size of the mineral complex may be selected based on the typeof application in which the mineral complex is being used. For example,if equipment having a fine nozzle is used for the application ordistribution of the mineral complex, it is preferable to use mineralcomplex of a size that will avoid clogging the spray tip (e.g., anaverage particle size of between about 1 and 37 microns (a mesh size of400 to 6000)). In addition, one skilled in the art upon reading thisdisclosure should also appreciate that mineral complex having arelatively smaller average particle size (e.g., a mesh size of about 400to about 6000 or a mesh size of about 200 to about 400)distributes/suspends/dissolves more readily in any medium, such as in apond/lake/marine water, in moisture and bacterial exudates, in soil, inwater used for hydroponics, and the like, as compared to mineral complexhaving a relatively larger average particle size (e.g., a mesh size ofabout 10 to about 200).

In addition, one skilled in the art should also appreciate that in someembodiments of the invention it is desirable to use a mineral complexcomprising a variety of different average particle sizes. In thisregard, it is contemplated that the mineral complex may comprise anycombination of the foregoing ranges of particle sizes. For example, themineral complex (and compositions thereof) described herein may comprisea certain amount of mineral complex having an average particle size ofabout 400 to about 6000 mesh, and/or a further amount of mineral complexhaving an average particle size of about 200 to about 400 mesh, and/oran additional amount of mineral complex having an average particle sizeof about 10 to about 200 mesh. By way of further example, the mineralcomplex (and compositions thereof) may comprise about 5% to about 85%(e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%,about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%) of the mineralcomplex having an average particle size of about 400 to about 6000 mesh,and/or about 15% to about 95% (e.g., about 15%, about 20%, about 25%,about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%,or about 95%) of the mineral complex having an average particle size ofabout 200 to about 400 mesh, and/or about 5% to about 75% (e.g., about5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%,about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about70%, or about 75%) of the mineral complex having an average particlesize of about 10 to about 200 mesh. For example, the mineral complex(and compositions thereof) described herein may comprise about 50% ofmineral complex having an average particle size of about 400 to about6-000 mesh and about 50% of mineral complex having an average particlesize of about 200 to about 400 mesh, or the composition may compriseabout 30% of mineral complex having an average particle size of about400 to about 6000 mesh, about 50% of mineral complex having an averageparticle size of about 200 to about 400 mesh, and about 20% of mineralcomplex having an average particle size of about 10 to about 200 mesh.

Although average particle size may be conveniently measured by scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) in accordance with techniques known to thoseskilled in the art, other techniques also may be used. Desirably, atleast 75%, more desirably at least 80%, still more desirably at least85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, even morepreferably at least 96%, still more preferably at least 97%, morepreferably at least 98%, or at least 99% of the particles have aparticle size falling within the ranges described herein.

In a related aspect, the invention further provides a compositioncomprising a binder and the mineral complex described herein. Thebinder, when mixed with the mineral complex, desirably binds the mineralcomplex therewithin, forming what may be referred to as an agglomerationof the mineral complex. This provides for easier packaging, handling andapplication of the mineral complex, with the binder permitting releaseof the mineral complex therefrom upon exposure of the composition towater. In a preferred embodiment, the binder is selected so that itprovides for the extended release of mineral complex from thecomposition when the composition is exposed to a water-containingenvironment.

Upon referring to the disclosure provided herein, one skilled in the artwill appreciate that a variety of materials may constitute a suitablebinder, including an organic material or a synthetic material. Forexample, the binder may be brewers condensed soluble, cane molasses,beet syrup, beet molasses, desugared beet molasses, honey, whey, starch,sulfur, wax, polymer, oil, urea-formaldehyde, plant starches, proteingels, glues, gumming compositions, seaweed, peat, humic, crystallizingcompounds, gelling clays, synthetic gel-forming compounds, and mixturesthereof. Additional examples of binders that may be used herein includecarbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides,and polysaccharides; proteins; lipids; glycolipid; glycoprotein;lipoprotein; and combinations and derivatives of the same. Exemplarycarbohydrate binders include glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose,sucrose, lactose, maltose, xylose, arabinose, trehalose, and mixturesthereof, such as corn syrup; celluloses, such as carboxymethylcellulose,ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxy-methylethylcellulose,hydroxyethylpropylcellulose, methylhydroxyethyl-cellulose, andmethylcellulose; starches, such as amylose, seagel, starch acetates,starch hydroxyethyl ethers, ionic starches, long-chain alkyl starches,dextrins, amine starches, phosphates starches, and dialdehyde starches;plant starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; othercarbohydrates, such as pectin, amylopectin, xylan, glycogen, agar,alginic acid, phycocolloids, chitin, gum arabic, guar gum, gum karaya,gum tragacanth, and locust bean gum; complex organic substances, such aslignin and nitrolignin; derivatives of lignin, such as lignosulfonatesalts, including calcium lignosulfonate and sodium lignosulfonate; andcomplex carbohydrate-based compositions containing organic and inorganicingredients such as molasses. Suitable protein binders include, forexample, soy extract, zein, protamine, collagen, and casein. Bindersoperative herein also include synthetic organic polymers, such as oxidepolymers, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylmethyl ether, polyvinylacrylates, polylactic acid, and latex. Binders that may provide for thedelayed or extended release of mineral complex from the composition uponexposure to water include, for example, materials that have relativelylow water solubility.

The composition comprising the binder and mineral complex may becombined by any suitable method, including by subjecting these materialsto steam, water, and/or pressure in order to facilitate theagglomeration of the mineral complex and the binder. The binder isdesirably present in an amount sufficient to provide for theagglomeration of the amount of mineral complex to be processed. Forexample, the composition may comprise from about 0.1 wt. % to about 99.5wt. % of the binder (e.g., about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt.%, about 2 wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %,about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about 55wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt. %,about 80 wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about 96wt. %, about 97 wt. %, about 98 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5 wt.% binder). Preferably, the composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % toabout 50 wt. % binder (e.g., from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, fromabout 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %,from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, or from about 10 wt. % to about 50wt. % binder).

Preferably, the binder binds the mineral complex into a form whichresists attrition and will not rapidly degrade, and thereforesubstantially maintains particle size during handling. If desired, thebinder may be added to the mineral complex as a solution. The solutionis typically provided as a water-based slurry having about 40 to about50 percent solids by weight and weighing about 10 pounds per gallon. Thebinder also may be added and mixed with the mineral complex as a dryingredient, subsequently mixing in an amount of water. In addition, thecomposition may comprise agents such as surfactants, dispersants,disintegrating agents, wetting agents and the like.

Another aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising afertilizing agent and the mineral complex described herein. Thiscomposition has many potential applications, and may be applied incombination with seed during planting, prior to planting, or anytimethereafter. The application onto maturing plants, and fully maturedplants, also may be beneficial. The fertilizing agent may be present inthe composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt. % to about 99.5wt. % (e.g., about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 2wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %,about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about 55 wt. %,about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt. %, about 80wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about 96 wt. %,about 97 wt. %, about 98 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5 wt. %fertilizing agent). Preferably, the composition comprises from about 0.1wt. % to about 50 wt. % fertilizing agent (e.g., from about 0.1 wt. % toabout 5 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 1 wt.% to about 20 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, or from about10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % fertilizing agent).

Any suitable fertilizing agent known in the art may be included in thecompositions described herein including, but not limited to, an organicfertilizing agent, an inorganic (i.e., synthetic) fertilizing agent, orcombinations thereof. The fertilizing agent may be a commerciallyavailable fertilizing agent including, but not limited to slow release,soluble, and water insoluble fertilizing agents. Moreover, certainfertilizing agents also may be suitable for agglomerating the mineralcomplex, and thus may also serve as a binder therefor, as describedherein. The identification of fertilizing agents that are suitable asbinders for the mineral complex may be readily determined by one skilledin the art.

Exemplary organic fertilizing agents that may be used herein includemanure, worm castings, compost, seaweed, humic, guano, brassin, peatmoss, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary inorganic fertilizing agents thatmay be used herein include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and mixturesthereof. Additional fertilizing agents that may be used in accordancewith the invention described herein include urea, sulfur-coated urea,isobutylidene diurea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammoniumphosphate, triple super phosphate, phosphoric acid, potassium sulphate,potassium nitrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium chloride,dipotassium carbonate, potassium oxide, urea ammonium sulfate, ureaammonium phosphate, proteins, amino acids, and combinations thereof.

Another aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising mulchand the mineral complex described herein. This composition may be usedfor many purposes, but may find particular utility when applied ontorecently seeded areas, or onto areas wherein plants are beginning tosprout, as the composition as a whole, and the mulch and mineral complexindividually, may assist in moisture retention, with the mineral complexassisting in augmenting the growth media. The mulch may be present inthe composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt. % to about 99.5wt. % (e.g., about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 2wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %,about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt. %, about 35wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about 55 wt. %,about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt. %, about 80wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about 96 wt. %,about 97 wt. %, about 98 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5 wt. %mulch). Preferably, the composition comprises from about 0.1 wt. % toabout 90 wt. % mulch (e.g., from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, fromabout 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %,from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 30wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % toabout 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 30 wt.% to about 70 wt. %, from about 40 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, from about50 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, from about 70 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, orfrom about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % mulch).

Any suitable mulch known in the art may be used in the compositionsdescribed herein, and may further comprise an inorganic mulch and/or anorganic mulch. Exemplary inorganic mulches that may be used inaccordance with the invention described herein include rubber, plastic,rock, gravel, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary organic mulches that maybe used in accordance with the invention described herein includeleaves, hay, straw, bark, sawdust, wood chips, paper, and mixturesthereof.

The invention also provides a composition comprising seed and themineral complex described herein. The composition may comprise any typeof seed known in the art. Preferably, the seed is grass seed, wildflower seed, indigenous seed or seed which matures into a cultivatablecrop, such as soybeans, corn, wheat or the like. Exemplary grass seedsthat may be used in accordance with the invention described hereininclude Poa, Lolium, Dactylis, Festuca, Deschampsia, Koeleria, Agrostis,Cynodon, Zoysia, Buchlo, Axonopus, Eremchloa, Paspalum, Stentaphrum andmixtures thereof.

The seed may be present in the composition in an amount ranging fromabout 0.1 wt. % to about 99.5 wt. % (e.g., about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.5wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about5 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %,about 30 wt. %, about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50wt. %, about 55 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %,about 75 wt. %, about 80 wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95wt. %, about 96 wt. %, about 97 wt. %, about 98 wt. %, about 99 wt. %,or about 99.5 wt. % seed). Preferably, the composition comprises fromabout 0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt. % seed (e.g., from about 0.1 wt. % toabout 5 wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 1 wt.% to about 20 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, from about 10wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, fromabout 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %,from about 30 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 40 wt. % to about 80wt. %, from about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, from about 70 wt. % toabout 90 wt. %, or from about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % seed).

The mineral composition may be present in any of the compositionsdescribed herein in any amount. The amount of mineral complex present ineach of the compositions described herein can readily be determined byone of ordinary skill in the art based on the desired wt. % of the othercomponents of the composition and/or the desired application rate of themineral complex. For example, the mineral complex may be present in thecomposition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt. % to about 99.5 wt.% of the composition (e.g., about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 1wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about10 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 30 wt.%, about 35 wt. %, about 40 wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, about55 wt. %, about 60 wt. %, about 65 wt. %, about 70 wt. %, about 75 wt.%, about 80 wt. %, about 85 wt. %, about 90 wt. %, about 95 wt. %, about96 wt. %, about 97 wt. %, about 98 wt. %, about 99 wt. %, or about 99.5wt. % mineral complex). In one aspect of the invention, the mineralcomplex is present in the composition in an amount ranging from about0.1 wt. % to about 90 wt. % seed (e.g., from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5wt. %, from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % toabout 20 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, from about 10 wt.% to about 30 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, fromabout 30 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 40 wt. % to about 80 wt. %,from about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, from about 70 wt. % to about 90wt. %, or from about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % seed). In another aspectof the invention, the mineral complex is present in the composition inan amount ranging from about 1 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of thecomposition, desirably about 10 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, more desirablyabout 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, and even more desirably about 20 wt. %to about 40 wt. % of the composition. Desirably the compositionsdescribed herein comprise about 50 wt. % or more of the mineral complex,and more desirably about 70 wt. %, and even more desirably about 80 wt.%, or about 90 wt. % of the mineral complex.

The mineral complex, and compositions thereof, described herein may bedry or may further comprise water to form liquid compositions. Liquidcompositions are particularly useful in applying the variouscompositions efficiently over relatively large areas. When thecomposition is in the form of a liquid composition, the composition maycomprise between about 10 lbs and about 1000 lbs of mineral complex(e.g., about 10 lbs, about 25 lbs, about 50 lbs, about 75 lbs, about 100lbs, about 150 lbs, about 200 lbs, about 250 lbs, about 300 lbs, about350 lbs, about 400 lbs, about 450 lbs, about 500 lbs, about 550 lbs,about 600 lbs, about 700 lbs, about 750 lbs, about 800 lbs, about 850lbs, about 900 lbs, about 950 lbs, or about 1000 lbs of mineral complex)for every about 100 to about 500 gallons of water (e.g., about 100gallons, about 150 gallons, about 200 gallons, about 250 gallons, about300 gallons, about 350 gallons, about 400 gallons, about 450 gallons, orabout 500 gallons of water). For example, the composition may comprisebetween about 25 lbs and about 500 lbs of mineral complex for everyabout 100 to about 500 gallons of water, between about 25 lbs and about500 lbs of mineral complex for every about 200 to about 300 gallons ofwater, or between about 50 lbs and about 300 lbs of mineral complex forevery about 200 to about 300 gallons of water. Preferably, thecomposition comprises between about 25 lbs and about 500 lbs of mineralcomplex per about 250 gallons of water.

In addition, and if desired, the liquid composition, which includes themineral complex, may further comprise between about 5 lbs and about 200lbs of seed (e.g., about 5 lbs, about 10 lbs, about 25 lbs, about 50lbs, about 75 lbs, about 100 lbs, about 125 lbs, about 150 lbs, about175 lbs, or about 200 lbs of seed) per about every 100 to about 500gallons of water (e.g., about 100 gallons, about 150 gallons, about 200gallons, about 250 gallons, about 300 gallons, about 350 gallons, about400 gallons, about 450 gallons, or about 500 gallons of water). Forexample, the composition may comprise between about 10 lbs and about 100lbs of seed per about every 100 to about 500 gallons of water.Preferably, the composition comprises between about 10 lbs and about 100lbs of seed per about 250 gallons of water. These compositions desirablyare prepared on site, with the dry materials being added to the liquidjust prior to application, as will be understood and appreciated bythose skilled in the art.

The invention also provides a composition comprising the mineral complexdescribed herein and at least two additional components selected from abinder, a fertilizing agent, mulch, seed, and water. In particular, thecomposition may be a dry or liquid composition comprising the mineralcomplex in combination with any binder, fertilizing agent, mulch, and/orseed as described herein. For example, the composition may comprise (a)the mineral complex, seed, and mulch; (b) the mineral complex, seed, andfertilizing agent; (c) the mineral complex, seed, mulch, and fertilizingagent; or (d) the mineral complex, mulch, and fertilizing agent; whereinany of the aforementioned compositions optionally comprise water andwherein any of the aforementioned compositions optionally comprise abinder. Compositions (a) and (c) may find particular utility inre-vegetation, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

The compositions of the invention described herein may be, if desired,provided in the form of at least one pellet. In one embodiment, thecomposition is in the form of a plurality of pellets. The pelletizingcan be accomplished using conventional pelletizing equipment, such aspelletizing pans and drum granulators.

The pellets of the present invention may have an average diameter offrom about 0.1 mm to about 30 mm. For example, the average diameter ofthe pellets may range from about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm, from about 0.25mm to about 20 mm, or from about 0.50 mm to about 15 mm. The pellets maybe formed in any shape, including spheres, cylinders, ellipses, rods,cones, discs, needles, and irregular.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a device in which themineral complex (or composition thereof) is enclosed within a medium,wherein the medium provides for the controlled release of the mineralcomplex from the medium when the medium is exposed to a water-containingenvironment. Any suitable medium known in the art may be used.Preferably, the medium comprises a cellulosic material or a perforatedmembrane which surrounds the mineral complex.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for augmentinggrowth medium comprising applying onto the growth medium a compositioncomprising the mineral complex described herein. The process may furthercomprise applying water, seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or anycombination thereof onto the growth medium. In one embodiment of theinvention, the composition comprising the mineral complex is appliedsimultaneously with one or more of water, seed, mulch, fertilizingagent, or any combination thereof onto the growth medium. For example,the process may comprise applying onto the medium a compositioncomprising the mineral complex and one or more of water, seed, mulch, orfertilizing agent, as described herein. Alternatively, the process maycomprise simultaneously applying onto the medium a compositioncomprising the mineral complex and one or more compositions comprisingwater, seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or any combination thereof. Anyof the compositions comprising the mineral complex also may comprise abinder, as described herein.

In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprising themineral complex is applied onto the growth medium sequentially with oneor more of water, seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or any combinationthereof. For example, the mineral complex may be applied to the growthmedium prior to the application of water, seed, mulch, fertilizingagent, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, the mineral complexmay be applied to the growth medium following the application of water,seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or any combination thereof. For example,the mineral complex may be applied onto the growth medium at least 1hour (e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours,about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2weeks or more) prior to the application of water, seed, mulch,fertilizing agent, or any combination thereof, or the mineral complexmay be applied to the growth medium at least 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour,about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours,about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days,about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks or more) after theapplication of water, seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or any combinationthereof.

The growth medium, for purposes of the present invention, includeswater, soil, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “water”refers to any type of water, such as fresh water (e.g., water in lakes,ponds, streams and rivers) or salt water (e.g., oceans). The growth ofvegetation and plants in water, without soil, is referred to ashydroponics.

As used herein, the term “soil” refers to any type of soil, such assand, silt, clay, or combinations thereof. Soil type may be routinelydetermined by one of skill in the art in accordance with any one of thesoil classification systems known in the art. For example, the soil typemay be determined using the USDA soil taxonomy classification system orthe World Reference Base for Soil Resources classification system, whichuse taxonomic criteria involving soil morphology and laboratory tests toinform and refine hierarchical classes. The most common engineeringclassification system for soils in North America is the Unified SoilClassification System. The Unified Soil Classification System has threemajor classification groups: (1) coarse-grained soils (e.g., sands andgravels); (2) fine-grained soils (e.g., silts and clays); and (3) highlyorganic soils (referred to as “peat”). The Unified Soil ClassificationSystem further subdivides the three major soil classes forclarification. Additional examples of soil classification systemsinclude the American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO) soil classification system, the Australian soilclassification system, the Canadian system of soil classification, andthe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) soilclassification, also called World soil classification.

In addition, the growth medium may be any combination of water and soil.One of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate that avariety of combinations of water and soil (e.g., about 50 wt. % waterand about 50 wt. % soil, about 25 wt. % water and about 75 wt. % soil,or about 25 wt. % soil and about 75 wt. % water) may be used as thegrowth medium.

The growth medium may be bare or may be covered with vegetation. Whenapplied to vegetation, the compositions described herein may be appliedto root systems, stems, seeds, grains, tubers, flowers, fruit, foliage,branches, etc., as desired. The mineral complex (and compositionsthereof) may be applied to the growth medium using any applicationmethod known in the art. Specific application methods that may be usefulfor the application of the mineral complex and compositions thereof aredescribed herein.

Application of the mineral complex, compositions thereof, and desirablythose which include seed, onto soil that is classified as clay also iscontemplated by the invention. The soil may be classified as clay inaccordance with ASTM D2487 and/or the soil may be classified as CH, OH,or CL in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System. Thecompositions described herein have found particular utility in promotingthe growth of vegetation, such as grasses and other plants, in claysoils used to construct dams, levees and other structures.

Application of the compositions described herein onto soil that isclassified as sand also is contemplated by the invention. The soil maybe classified as sand in accordance with ASTM D2487 and/or the soil maybe classified as SW, SP, SM, or SC in accordance with the Unified SoilClassification System.

The compositions described herein also have utility in promotingmoisture retention in soil, such as sand, silt, clay, or any combinationthereof. Thus, in a further aspect, the invention provides a process forpromoting, enhancing and/or increasing moisture retention in soilcomprising introducing into the soil the mineral complex and/orcompositions thereof as described herein. The mineral complex andcompositions thereof described herein are particularly useful inpromoting, enhancing, and/or increasing moisture retention in sand.

Enhanced moisture retention in soil refers to an increase in themoisture (e.g., water) content of the soil into which the mineralcomplex and compositions thereof described herein have been introducedrelative to the moisture content of the same type or classification ofsoil in which the compositions described herein have not been introduced(i.e., growth medium that has not been treated with the mineralcomplex). For example, the moisture or water content of the soil intowhich a composition comprising the mineral complex has been introducedmay increase at least about 1% (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%,about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%,about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or more) as relative to soil nottreated with the mineral complex. Methods for measuring the moisture orwater content of soil are known in the art. For example, soil watercontent (v/v) can be measured using an EC-5 probe with data recorded onan ECHO-5 datalogger (Decagon Inc., Pulham, Wash.), as described inExample 2.

It is believed that enhanced moisture retention in soil also may providean increase in the growth of bacteria (also known as “bacterial bloom”)within the soil. In many instances, these bacteria can be beneficial toplant growth. Thus, in one related embodiment, the invention provides aprocess for promoting, enhancing, and/or increasing the growth ofbacteria that are beneficial to plant growth within soil, such as sand,silt, clay, or combination thereof, comprising introducing into the soilthe compositions described herein.

The mineral complex and compositions thereof described herein also haveutility in preventing, reducing, slowing, or mitigating erosion of soil,such as sand, clay, silt, and combinations thereof. Thus, the inventionalso provides a process for preventing, reducing, slowing, or mitigatingerosion in soil comprising introducing into the soil the mineral complexor compositions thereof, as described herein. Desirably, the mineralcomplex or compositions thereof are introduced into the soil in anamount sufficient to provide for the application of mineral complexthereto in an amount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre and about10,000 lbs per acre.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for enhancing thegermination rate of a seed in a growth medium comprising implanting theseed in the growth medium and introducing into or applying onto thegrowth medium a mineral complex or a composition comprising the mineralcomplex, as described herein. The growth medium may be any type ofgrowth medium, including soil, water (e.g., hydroponics), andcombinations thereof, as described herein. The mineral complex may beapplied onto the growth medium prior to implantation of the seed, at thetime the seed is implanted, or after implantation of the seed. Forexample, the mineral complex may be applied onto the growth medium atleast 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours,about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7days, or 2 weeks or more) prior to the implantation of the seed or themineral complex may be applied onto the growth medium at least 1 hour(e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours,about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days,about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks ormore) after the implantation of the seed.

Enhanced germination rate of a seed refers to an increase in thegermination rate of the seed in growth medium in which the mineralcomplex described herein has been introduced relative to the germinationrate of the seed in growth medium in which the mineral complex has notbeen introduced (i.e., growth medium that has not been treated with themineral complex). For example, the germination rate of the seed mayincrease by at least about 6 hours (e.g., about 6 hours, about 12 hours,about 18 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days,about 5 days, about 6 day, or even about 7 days, or more) as relative tothe germination rate of a seed in growth medium not treated with themineral complex.

In one aspect, the invention provides a process for enhancing growth inplants in a hydroponic growth medium (i.e., wherein the growth medium iswater) comprising applying onto the hydroponic growth medium the mineralcomplex or compositions comprising the mineral complex, as describedherein. The mineral complex may be introduced into the hydroponic growthmedium prior to implantation of any plant, at the time a plant isintroduced into the medium, or after a plant is introduced into themedium. For example, a plant may be introduced into the hydroponicgrowth medium at least 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours,about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks or more) prior to the introduction of themineral complex (or composition thereof) or a plant may be introducedinto the hydroponic growth medium at least 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour,about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours,about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days,about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks or more) after theintroduction of the mineral complex (or composition thereof).

While the compositions described herein may be applied onto a variety ofsoil types, the composition finds particular utility in remediatingsodic soils. Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately highconcentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange complex relativeto the normal soil type for a given region (or classification). They areusually defined as having an exchangeable sodium percentage greater than15%. These soils tend to occur within arid to semi-arid regions and areinnately unstable, exhibiting poor physical and chemical properties,which impede water infiltration, water availability, and ultimatelyplant growth. Thus, in one aspect of the invention, the compositionsdescribed herein find particular utility in remediating soil having anelevated level of sodium (Na) relative to normal soil. In this regard,the invention provides a process for remediating soil having an elevatedlevel of sodium (Na) relative to normal soil comprising applying ontothe soil having an elevated level of sodium relative to normal soil acomposition comprising the mineral complex, as described herein.

In a related aspect of the invention, the compositions described hereinare applied to saline soil. Saline soil is soil having an excess of saltrelative to normal soil, wherein the excess salt is predominantly sodiumchloride. Thus, in one aspect of the invention, the compositionsdescribed herein find particular utility in remediating soil having anelevated level of sodium chloride (NaCl) relative to normal soil. Thisis believed to be beneficial in areas that have been subjected tohurricanes and flooding, wherein land has been subjected to saltdeposits from ocean water, which has in turn reduced plant viability.For example, the elevated NaCl level in the soil may be from about 25ppm to about 500,000 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 250,000 ppm, fromabout 50 ppm to about 500,000 ppm, from about 100,000 to about 500,000ppm, or from about 250,000 to about 500,000 ppm.

The compositions described herein are also useful in remediating soilhaving an elevated level of at least one of sulfur, calcium, ormagnesium relative to normal soil for a given region (orclassification).

In another aspect of the invention, the compositions described hereinare applied to alkaline soil. Alkaline soil is soil having a high pH(e.g., a pH of about 8.5 or greater) due to the presence of excessivesodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Thus, in one aspect of the invention, thecompositions described herein find particular utility in remediatingsoil having an elevated level of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) relative tonormal soil (of that region or classification). In a related aspect ofthe invention, the composition described herein find particular utilityin remediating soil having a pH of about 8.5 or greater (e.g., a pH ofabout 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7,9.8, 9.9, or 10), a pH of about 9.0 or greater, a pH of about 9.5 orgreater, a pH of about 8.5 to about 10, or a pH of about 9 to about 10.

In a related aspect, the invention provides a process for enhancing theability of sodium-enriched soil to support vegetation comprisingapplying on to the soil a composition comprising the mineral complex, asdescribed herein, wherein the soil into which the mineral complex hasbeen introduced exhibits enhanced vegetation relative to soil in whichthe mineral complex has not been introduced (i.e., soil that has notbeen treated with the mineral complex). Sodium-enriched soil refers tosoil having a increased proportion of sodium relative to normal soil.Examples of sodium-enriched soils include sodic soils, saline soils, andalkaline soils, as discussed herein. In one embodiment, the processfurther comprises introducing seed into the soil onto which the mineralcomplex has been applied. In another embodiment, the process furthercomprises introducing vegetation into the soil onto which the mineralcomplex has been applied.

The seed or vegetation may be introduced into the soil prior to,simultaneously with, or after the application of the mineral complex (orcompositions thereof) on the soil. For example, the seed or vegetationmay be introduced into the soil at least 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour,about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours,about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days,about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks or more) prior tothe application of the mineral complex (or compositions thereof) or theseed or vegetation may be introduced into the soil at least 1 hour(e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours,about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days,about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks ormore) after the introduction of the mineral complex (or compositionsthereof). Exemplary types of seed, as well as compositions comprisingthe mineral complex and seed, are described herein.

In a further aspect of the invention, a method for remediating watercontaminated by oil or oil-based materials is provided. This methodcomprises the steps of applying a composition comprising the mineralcomplex described herein into the contaminated water, and, as anoptional second step, removing the oil and/or oil-based materials fromthe water after application of the composition. It is contemplated thatthis aspect of the invention may find use in connection with theremediation of either fresh (e.g., water in lakes, ponds, streams andrivers) or salt water (e.g., oceans) contaminated by oil and oil-basedmaterials, particularly water contaminated by crude oil. This beingsaid, the aforesaid contamination of water may arise under a variety ofcircumstances, including without limitation, spillage or seepage fromstorage facilities, leaking transport vessels, damaged pipelines,drilling operations, or improper disposal.

Desirably, the method may be used in the remediation of watercontaminated by liquid oil and/or oil-based products, as well asproducts that are liquifiable. By liquid, it is meant that the viscosityis such that the material is capable of flowing; such liquids desirablyhaving a viscosity of less than about 20,000 cp, and more desirablyranging from about 0.1, 1, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 cp up to about 5000,10,0000, 15,000 and 20,000 cp (25° C.).

The oil or oil-based contaminants that may be at least partially removedfrom water by the inventive method vary widely, and include, withoutlimitation, crude oil or petroleum, as well as distilled, extractedand/or refined products thereof such as industrial oils and oil-basedproducts, e.g., diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricatingoil and the like. Oil-based contaminants may include, withoutlimitation, oil-containing paints, solvents and coatings.

The composition may contain other materials in addition to the mineralcomplex described herein. By way of example only, the composition mayfurther include surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, absorbants,enzymes, microorganisms, fungi, nitrate and/or sulfate fertilizers, andnatural materials such as plants, e.g., grasses, hay, starches, and thelike. The inventive method also may be used in combination with otheroil remediation methods.

The amount of the composition that may be applied into the contaminatedwater may vary depending on the amount of contaminant present, and maybe readily determined by one skilled in the art. In one embodiment ofthe invention, the mineral complex and compositions comprising themineral complex described herein are applied onto the water in an amountsufficient to provide therein mineral complex in an amount ranging fromabout 25 lbs to about 5,000 lbs of the mineral complex per 5,000 squarefeet of surface area of water (e.g., about 25 lbs, about 50 lbs, about100 lbs, about 150 lbs, about 200 lbs, about 250 lbs, about 300 lbs,about 350 lbs, about 400 lbs, about 450 lbs, about 500 lbs, about 550lbs, about 600 lbs, about 650 lbs, about 700 lbs, about 750 lbs, about800 lbs, about 850 lbs, about 900 lbs, about 950 lbs, about 1,000 lbs,about 1,500 lbs, about 2,000 lbs, about 2,500 lbs, about 3,000 lbs,about 3,500 lbs, about 4,000 lbs, or about 4,500 lbs per 5,000 squarefeet of surface area of water). Desirably, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the mineral complex described herein are appliedonto the water to provide therein between about 50 lbs and about 500 lbsof the mineral complex per 5,000 square feet of surface area of water.

The frequency of the application of the composition into thecontaminated water may vary depending on the amount of contaminantpresent, and may be readily determined by one skilled in the art. In oneembodiment of the invention, the process comprises repeating theapplication of the composition onto the contaminated water at least onceafter the initial application thereof. The application of thecomposition may be repeated at any suitable time interval following theinitial application, such as 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month,or 2 months, or more after the initial application. In some embodiments,the composition is applied to the contaminated water on a regular basis(e.g., the composition is applied to the contaminated water every week,every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, every 6weeks, every 7 weeks, every 8 weeks, every 9 weeks, or every 10 weeks).The total length of the treatment of the contaminated water may varydepending on the amount of the contaminant present, and may readilydetermined by one skilled in the art. For example, the composition maybe applied on a regular basis until all of the contaminant is removedfrom the water. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to thecontaminated water on a regular basis for at least 3 months, at least 6months, at least 9 months, or at least 1 year until all of thecontaminant is removed from the water.

After application, the composition may remain resident in thecontaminated water for a period of time, after which the composition andcontaminants may, if desired, be removed and/or separated from the waterby available mechanical means, e.g., vacuum, pumping, collection viabooms, followed by a separation process such as, e.g., filtration, andother known liquid/solid separation processes.

In one aspect, the invention provides a process for remediatingcontaminated soil comprising introducing into the soil the compositionsdescribed herein. The contaminated soil may be sand, silt, clay, or anycombination thereof. Many different types of soil contamination areknown in the art. The inventive process described herein may be used totreat any soil that is determined by one of ordinary skill in the art tobe contaminated relative to normal soil. For example, the soil may becontaminated with one or more of the following: asbestos, radioactivesubstances, sewage, oil, fuel, pesticides, solvents, landfill waste,chemicals, or heavy metals. Soil that is contaminated with heavy metalsmay be contaminated with at least one of lead, mercury, zinc cadmium, orchromium.

Soil that is contaminated with oil and/or fuel, such as petroleum, mayhave an elevated level of hydrocarbons relative to normal soil. Thus, inone embodiment, the compositions described herein are used to remediatesoil having an elevated level of hydrocarbons, e.g., soil that has beensubjected to an oil spill.

The contaminated soil may be bare or may comprises vegetation prior tothe introduction of mineral complex or compositions thereof. If thecontaminated soil comprises vegetation, the application or introductionof the mineral complex to the contaminated soil is expected to increaseor enhance the growth of the existing vegetation. For example, thegrowth of the existing vegetation may be increased by at least about 5%(e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%,about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, or more) relative to thegrowth of vegetation on contaminated soil into which the mineral complexhas not been introduced.

In another aspect, the process further comprises introducing vegetationinto the contaminated soil into which the mineral complex has beenintroduced or applied. The vegetation may be introduced to thecontaminated soil, either prior to, simultaneously with, or after, theintroduction of the composition comprising the mineral complex. In arelated aspect of the invention, the process further comprising applyingseed to the contaminated soil, either prior to, simultaneously with, orafter, the introduction or application of the mineral complex orcomposition thereof. For example, the vegetation or seed may beintroduced into the soil at least 1 hour (e.g., about 1 hour, about 2hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours,about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days,about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks or more) prior to theintroduction of the composition comprising the mineral complex or thevegetation or seed may be introduced into the soil at least 1 hour(e.g., about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about5 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours,about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days,about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, or 2 weeks ormore) after the introduction of the composition comprising the mineralcomplex. Exemplary types of seed, as well as compositions comprising themineral complex and seed, are described herein.

The mineral complex and compositions comprising the mineral complex, asdescribed herein, may be applied for purposes of soil remediation at arate of between about 200 lbs per acre and about 10,000 lbs per acre(e.g., about 200 to about 10,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 9,000lbs per acre, about 200 to about 8,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about7,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 6,000 lbs per acre, about 200 toabout 5,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 4,000 lbs per acre, about200 to about 3,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 2,000 lbs per acre,about 200 to about 1,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 900 lbs peracre, about 200 to about 800 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 700 lbsper acre, about 200 to about 600 lbs per acre, about 300 to about 500lbs per acre, about 300 to about 400 lbs per acre, about 400 to about6,000 lbs per acre, about 500 to about 5,000 lbs per acre, about 600 toabout 4,000 lbs per acre, about 700 to about 3,000 lbs per acre, about800 to about 2,000 lbs per acre, or about 900 lbs per acre, about 1,000lbs per acre, about 2,000 lbs per acre, or about 3,000 lbs per acre).Desirably, the mineral complex and compositions comprising the same areapplied at about 250 lbs to about 5000 lbs per acre (e.g., about 250lbs, about 300 lbs, about 350 lbs, about 400 lbs, about 450 lbs, about500 lbs, about 550 lbs, about 600 lbs, about 650 lbs, about 700 lbs,about 750 lbs, about 800 lbs, about 850 lbs, about 900 lbs, about 950lbs, about 1000 lbs, about 1500 lbs, about 2000 lbs, about 2500 lbs,about 3000 lbs, about 3500, about 4000 lbs, about 4500 lbs, or about5000 lbs per acre). In a preferred embodiment, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the same are applied at about 200 lbs to about3,000 lbs per acre or at about 1,000 lbs to about 3,000 lbs per acre.

The invention also provides a method for stimulating reproductive growthin plants, which method comprises applying the mineral complex orcompositions thereof, as described herein, to the plants or to theenvironment thereof. The invention also provides a method forstimulating or accelerating the germination time of seeds, which methodcomprises applying the mineral complex described herein to the seeds orto the environment thereof. The invention also provides a method forpromoting maturity in plants, which method comprises applying themineral complex or compositions thereof, as described herein, to theplants or to the environment thereof. The invention also provides amethod of increasing flowering or for accelerating the onset offlowering in plants, which method comprises applying the mineral complexor compositions thereof, as described herein, to the plants or to theenvironment thereof. The invention also provides a method for improvingor accelerating the onset of coloration in plants, which methodcomprises applying the mineral complex or compositions thereof, asdescribed herein, to the plants or to the environment thereof. Theinvention also provides a method for improving or accelerating the onsetof fruiting in plants, which method comprises applying the mineralcomplex or compositions thereof, as described herein, to the plants orto the environment thereof. Unless otherwise noted by context, theenvironment of the plants or seeds includes any water, air, soil,fertilizer, or mulch surrounding the plants or seeds.

The mineral complex and compositions comprising the mineral complex, asdescribed herein, may be applied to a solid (e.g., soil or vegetation)or a liquid (e.g., water) surface, as described herein, in anyconventional manner. In one embodiment, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the mineral complex are applied to soil, water,or vegetation in dry form. For example, a conventional spreader orsprayer may be used to distribute the dry form of the mineral complexand compositions comprising the same over the soil, water, orvegetation. In one embodiment, the mineral complex and compositionscomprising the mineral complex are applied onto the solid or liquidsurface in dry form by spraying. Alternatively, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the same may be applied in bulk to soil orvegetation and then manually spread or raked over the soil orvegetation. In a related embodiment, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the mineral complex may be applied in bulk towater and thereafter, desirably, the water may be agitated in order todistribute the mineral complex relatively uniformly throughout the waterprior to application. Similar mixing and dispersing methods may beemployed to apply dry formulations comprising binder, seed, mulch,fertilizing agent, or any combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the mineral complex and compositions comprisingthe mineral complex, as described herein, are applied to soil, water, orvegetation in dry or in liquid form. In the latter regard, water may beadded to the mineral complex or the composition comprising the mineralcomplex as described herein. The amount of water to be added may beroutinely determined by one of ordinary skill in the art depending onthe particular application method employed. Exemplary methods ofapplying liquid formulations include pumping, spraying, e.g., by meansof an electrostatic or other conventional sprayer, or drip irrigationmethods or fertigation systems, which involve application directly tothe soil. Examples of conventional sprayers include hydroseeders andbackpack sprayers. In a preferred embodiment, the mineral complex andcompositions comprising the mineral complex are applied onto a solid orliquid surface (e.g., soil, vegetation, or water) in liquid form byspraying. Similar methods may be employed to apply liquid formulationscomprising binder, seed, mulch, fertilizing agent, or any combinationthereof.

The mineral complex and compositions comprising the mineral complex alsomay be applied from the air using any method known in the art, such as acrop-duster, a helicopter, or a cargo plane; from the ground using anymethod known in the art, such as a dump truck, a conventional spreader,or a conventional sprayer; or from the water, using any method known inthe art, such as a barge or boat.

When the mineral complex and compositions comprising the mineralcomplex, as described herein, are applied to land, such as for purposesof augmenting or remediating a solid growth medium, such as soil orvegetation, or preventing or mitigating erosion of soil, as describedherein, the mineral complex, or composition thereof, that may be appliedis an amount sufficient to provide for application of the desired amountof mineral complex thereto. For example, the mineral complex is appliedin an amount ranging from about 200 lbs per acre and about 10,000 lbsper acre (e.g., about 200 to about 10,000 lbs per acre, about 200 toabout 9,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 8,000 lbs per acre, about200 to about 7,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 6,000 lbs per acre,about 200 to about 5,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 4,000 lbs peracre, about 200 to about 3,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 2,000lbs per acre, about 200 to about 1,000 lbs per acre, about 200 to about900 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 800 lbs per acre, about 200 toabout 700 lbs per acre, about 200 to about 600 lbs per acre, about 300to about 500 lbs per acre, about 300 to about 400 lbs per acre, about400 to about 6,000 lbs per acre, about 500 to about 5,000 lbs per acre,about 600 to about 4,000 lbs per acre, about 700 to about 3,000 lbs peracre, about 800 to about 2,000 lbs per acre, or about 900 lbs per acre,about 1,000 lbs per acre, about 2,000 lbs per acre, or about 3,000 lbsper acre). Preferably, the amount of mineral complex, whether appliedalone or as part of a composition, is applied at about 250 lbs to about5000 lbs per acre (e.g., about 250 lbs, about 300 lbs, about 350 lbs,about 400 lbs, about 450 lbs, about 500 lbs, about 550 lbs, about 600lbs, about 650 lbs, about 700 lbs, about 750 lbs, about 800 lbs, about850 lbs, about 900 lbs, about 950 lbs, about 1000 lbs, about 1500 lbs,about 2000 lbs, about 2500 lbs, about 3000 lbs, about 3500, about 4000lbs, about 4500 lbs, or about 5000 lbs per acre), more preferably atabout 200 lbs to about 3,000 lbs per acre, and more preferably at about1,000 lbs to about 3,000 lbs per acre.

When the mineral complex and compositions comprising the mineralcomplex, as described herein, are applied to water, such as for purposesof augmenting a growth medium comprising water (e.g., in hydroponics) orremediating contaminated water, as described herein, the mineralcomplex, or composition thereof, is applied in an amount sufficient toprovide for the application of the mineral complex in an amount of fromabout 25 lbs and about 5000 lbs of the mineral complex per 5,000 squarefeet of surface area of water (e.g., about 25 lbs, about 50 lbs, about100 lbs, about 150 lbs, about 200 lbs, about 250 lbs, about 300 lbs,about 350 lbs, about 400 lbs, about 450 lbs, about 500 lbs, about 550lbs, about 600 lbs, about 650 lbs, about 700 lbs, about 750 lbs, about800 lbs, about 850 lbs, about 900 lbs, about 950 lbs, about 1,000 lbs,about 1,500 lbs, about 2,000 lbs, about 2,500 lbs, about 3,000 lbs,about 3,500 lbs, about 4,000 lbs, or about 4,500 lbs per 5,000 squarefeet of surface area of water). Preferably, the amount of mineralcomplex, whether applied alone or as part of a composition, is appliedonto the water at from about 50 lbs and about 500 lbs of the mineralcomplex per 5,000 square feet of surface area of water.

The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course,should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.

Example 1

This example demonstrates the chemical analysis of several differentmineral complexes.

Two mineral complexes (complex 1 and complex 2) were obtained from anatural mineral source and crushed/milled to a particle size of 200 to400 mesh (a fine dust). A chemical analysis was used to determine thecomponents of each mineral complex, as set forth in Table 3. A thirdmineral complex (complex 3) was prepared by mixing 95 wt. % of complex 1with 5 wt. % of complex 2. A fourth mineral complex (complex 4) wasprepared by mixing 85 wt. % of complex 1 with 15 wt. % of complex 2.

TABLE 3 Complex 1 Complex 2 Complex 3 Complex 4 SiO₂ 47.6% 65.9% 48.52% 50.35%  Al₂O₃ 14.75%  11.5% 14.59%  14.26%  Fe₂O₃ 13.6% 1.41% 12.99% 11.77%  CaO 9.01% 3.75% 8.75% 8.22% MgO 6.36% 0.81% 6.08% 5.53% Na₂O 2.6% 2.11% 2.58% 2.53% K₂O 0.72% 5.25% 0.95% 1.40% Cr₂O₃ 0.02% <0.01% 0.02% 0.02% TiO₂ 1.59%  0.2% 1.52% 1.38% MnO 0.19% 0.02% 0.18% 0.16%P₂O₅  0.2% 0.15% 0.20% 0.19% SrO 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% BaO 0.02% 0.09%0.02% 0.03% C 0.04% 0.62% 0.07% 0.13% S <0.01%  0.025%  <0.01%  <0.01% Ag <1 ppm <1 ppm <1 ppm <1 ppm Ba 199 ppm 450 ppm 211.55 ppm 236.65 ppmCe 32 ppm 220 ppm 41.4 ppm 60.20 ppm Co 58 ppm 21 ppm 56.15 ppm 52.45ppm Cr 170 ppm 6 ppm 161.80 ppm 145.40 ppm Cs 0.72 ppm 22 ppm 1.78 ppm3.91 ppm Cu 190 ppm 12 ppm 181.10 ppm 163.30 ppm Dy 5.63 ppm 2.5 ppm5.47 ppm 5.16 ppm Er 3.21 ppm 1.7 ppm 3.13 ppm 2.98 ppm Eu 1.79 ppm 3.7ppm 1.89 ppm 2.08 ppm Ga 24.2 ppm 15 ppm 23.74 ppm 22.82 ppm Gd 5.56 ppm3.7 ppm 5.47 ppm 5.28 ppm Hf 3.9 ppm 21 ppm 4.76 ppm 6.47 ppm Ho 1.06ppm 0.6 ppm 1.04 ppm 0.99 ppm La 14.6 ppm 220 ppm 24.87 ppm 45.41 ppm Lu0.43 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.43 ppm 0.44 ppm Mo 3 ppm 12.5 ppm 3.48 ppm 4.43 ppmNb 8.6 ppm 40 ppm 10.17 ppm 13.31 ppm Nd 20.6 ppm 5 ppm 19.82 ppm 18.26ppm Ni 105 ppm 2.5 ppm 99.88 ppm 89.63 ppm Pb 5 ppm 6 ppm 5.05 ppm 5.15ppm Pr 4.71 ppm 27 ppm 5.82 ppm 8.05 ppm Rb 17.2 ppm 325 ppm 32.59 ppm63.37 ppm Sm 4.9 ppm 6.2 ppm 4.97 ppm 5.10 ppm Sn 1 ppm 3 ppm 1.10 ppm1.30 ppm Sr 244 ppm 380 ppm 250.80 ppm 264.40 ppm Ta 0.6 ppm 2.8 ppm0.71 ppm 0.93 ppm Tb 0.89 ppm 0.8 ppm 0.89 ppm 0.88 ppm Th 1.73 ppm 180ppm 10.64 ppm 28.47 ppm Ti <0.5 ppm 6 ppm <0.78 ppm <1.33 ppm Tm 0.45ppm 0.6 ppm 0.46 ppm 0.47 ppm U 0.48 ppm 6 ppm 0.76 ppm 1.31 ppm V 271ppm 7.8 ppm 257.84 ppm 231.52 ppm W 1 ppm 26 ppm 2.25 ppm 4.75 ppm Y29.2 ppm 23 ppm 28.89 ppm 28.27 ppm Yb 2.93 ppm 1.4 ppm 2.85 ppm 2.70ppm Zn 135 ppm 64 ppm 131.45 ppm 124.35 ppm Zr 138 ppm 63 ppm 134.25 ppm126.75 ppm As 0.8 ppm 1.1 ppm 0.82 ppm 0.85 ppm Bi 0.01 ppm 3.5 ppm 0.18ppm 0.53 ppm Hg <0.005 ppm 0.01 ppm <0.005 ppm <0.006 ppm Sb 0.06 ppm0.4 ppm 0.08 ppm 0.11 ppm Se 0.6 ppm 0.7 ppm 0.61 ppm 0.62 ppm Te <0.01ppm 0.022 ppm <0.01 ppm <0.01 ppm LOI 2.76% 6.45% 2.94% 3.31%

The silicon dioxide content of mineral complex 2 falls outside of thescope of the mineral complex described herein. However, mineral complex2 was successfully combined with mineral complex 1 to prepare mineralcomplexes 3 and 4. Mineral complexes 1, 3, and 4 fall within the scopeof the invention described herein. Additional mineral complexes fallingwithin the scope of the invention described herein can be prepared usingmineral complexes 1 and 2. This example demonstrates the specificcomponents of three exemplary mineral complexes of the invention thatmay be used as a soil amendment.

Example 2

This examples demonstrates methods for augmenting growth media,enhancing moisture retention in soil, and enhancing seed germinationusing the mineral complex of the present invention.

A ten week study was initiated in August 2010 on a sandy loam soillocated at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center BurdenFacility in Baton Rouge, La. Plots (3×3 ft) were arranged in randomizedcomplete block design with four replications. The plots were treated at0 and 4 weeks with a nitrogen source (NH₄NO₃) at a rate of 0, 0.25, 0.5,or 1.0 pounds of the nitrogen source per 1,000 square feet (lbs N/M),either alone (as a control) or in combination with a mineral complexcomprising a mixture of 96 wt. % of complex 1, as described in Example 1(see Table 3) and 4 wt. % of complex 2, as described in Example 1 (seeTable 3).

The treatment conditions for the control and mineral complex treatedplots are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Rate of Mineral Com- plex Rates of Nitrogen Appli- FertilizerNitrogen Appli- Treatment cation Analysis Application cation Grouplbs/acre N Source (N—P—K) lbs N/M Frequency Control NA NH₄NO₃ 34-0-0 0,0.25, 0 and 0.5 and 1.0 4 weeks Mineral 2000 NH₄NO₃ 34-0-0 0, 0.25, 0and Complex 0.5 and 1.0 4 weeks

Common bermudagrass was seeded at 200 lbs of pure live seed per acre(PLS/A) to the entire treatment area followed by application of amineral complex comprising a mixture of 96 wt. % of complex 1, asdescribed in Example 1 (see Table 3), and 4 wt. % of complex 2, asdescribed in Example 1 (see Table 3), at 2000 lbs/acre to half the plotsusing shakers for more even distribution across the soil surface.Nitrogen applications were applied using a 3 ft wide drop spreader atthe initiation of the trial and 4 weeks after seeding. Plots wereirrigated within twenty-four hours after mineral complex and nitrogenfertilizer applications and as needed throughout the trial. During thefirst 14 days, seed emergence was recorded daily. Canopy coverage on ascale of 0% to 100% (0%=bare soil and 100%=complete grass coverage) wasvisually assessed every 2 weeks for 10 weeks. During the first 60 daysof the trial, soil water content (v/v) was measured using the EC-5 probewith data recorded on the ECHO-5 datalogger (Decagon Inc., Pulham,Wash.). This measurement was only recorded for treatments receiving the1 lbs N/M application rate.

At the conclusion of the trial, soil cores were collected from eachtreatment using a hammer probe core sampler (6.3 cm×15 cm, AMS INC.,American Falls, Id.) to a depth of 6 inches. Roots were washed to removesoil and debris in preparation for analysis using the WinRhizo System(Regent Systems Inc., Quebec, Canada). The WinRhizo System is an imageanalysis program designed to measure root architectural parameters suchas total root length and surface area. Root samples were scanned at 400dots per inch (Epson 1680, Epson America Inc, Long Beach, Calif.) andanalyzed using WinRHIZO image analysis software. Root analysisprocedures followed previously published methods of Costa et al (2001)and Bouma et al. (2000). Prior to scanning, root sample preparationincluded immersion in a 1% (v/v) methlyene blue solution for 15 minfollowed by de-ionized water washes to remove excess dye. All data wasanalyzed as RCBD using SAS statistical software. Means were separatedusing Fisher's protected least significant difference (α=0.05)

Common bermudagrass seed emergence occurred within the first 14 days ofthe trial, as shown in Table 5. Environmental conditions were extremelyfavorable for common bermudagrass seed germination, as shown in Table 6.Although, statistically, the only significant improvement in commonbermudagrass seed emergence occurred at the highest nitrogen applicationrate (1.0 lbs N/M) and mineral complex treatment group, seeds emergedseveral days earlier in all of the mineral complex treatment groups(i.e., across all nitrogen application rates) as compared to the matchedcontrols. Specifically, seeds emerged between 5 and 7 days in plotstreated with the mineral complex compared to 8 to 10 days for thecontrols (treated with nitrogen only) (see Table 5).

TABLE 5 Effect of the Mineral Complex on Common Bermudagrass SeedEmerence. Nitrogen Rate Seed Emergence Treatment (lbs N/M) (days)Control 0 9.3 0.25 8.8 0.50 10.0 1.00 8.5 Mineral Complex 0 7.5 0.25 6.50.50 7.0 1.00 5.8 LSD_((α=0.05)) 3.3 LSD = Fisher's least significantdifference

TABLE 6 Environmental Conditions During Common BermudagrassEstablishment Average Average Average Average High Low High Low TotalSoil Soil Temperature Temperature Precipitation Temperature Temperature(° F.) (° F.) (inches) (° F.) (° F.) 88.2 67.1 12.82 94.6 70.6

Based on soil water content measurements of the 1.0 lbs N/M applicationrate for mineral complex and control plots, it was also observed thatthe mineral complex-treated soil maintained a higher soil water contentduring the first 3 weeks after seeding (see FIG. 1). Increased soilmoisture is generally believed to provide a more conducive soilenvironment for seedling germination.

The slight acceleration in common bermudagrass seed emergence also had apositive effect on increasing groundcover for the 1.0 lbs N/Mapplication rate and mineral complex treatment (see Table 7). During thefirst 2 weeks after seeding, nitrogen application rates of 0.5 lbs N/Mor less exhibited <1% ground cover for both treatments with theexception of nitrogen application rate of 0.5 lbs N/M and the mineralcomplex, which exhibited a ground cover of 2.5%. In subsequent weeks,all treatments had increased ground cover, with higher nitrogenapplication rates having the highest coverages. As nitrogen applicationrates were reduced, common bermudagrass ground cover declined with theexception of mineral complex and the 0.5 lbs N/M rate. At 8 weeks afterseeding, treatments of 0.5 lbs N/M had 60.8% and 76.2% ground cover forcontrol and mineral complex, respectively.

TABLE 7 Effect of Mineral Complex on Common Bermudagrass EstablishmentNitrogen Bermudagrass Cover Rate 2 4 6 8 10 Treatment (lbs N/M) (%)Control 0 <1 9.8 15.5 30.3 44.5 0.25 <1 10.5 23.3 41.6 68.3 0.50 <1 18.839.3 60.8 86.5 1.00 3.0 19.5 47.8 80.5 97.5 Mineral Complex 0 <1 8.013.3 28.0 46.8 0.25 <1 12.5 28.8 46.5 72.8 0.50 2.5 19.3 46.8 76.2 96.51.00 6.0 22.8 49.5 83.8 95.0 LSD_((α=0.05)) 2.1 5.7 12.2 13.7 16.5 LSD =Fisher's least significant difference

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, total root length and surface area increasedfor both treatments as the nitrogen application rates increased. Commonbermudagrass that received no nitrogen resulted in the lowest total rootlength and surface areas. The mineral complex appeared in this study tohad relatively no effect on rooting at nitrogen application rates of 0,0.25 and 1.0 lbs N/M compared to controls at the same nitrogenapplication rates for total root length. However, the combination of themineral complex and a nitrogen application rate of 0.5 lbs N/M resultedin higher total root length and surface area compared to controls at anitrogen application rate of 0.5 lbs N/M, and were similar to controlsat 1.0 lbs N/M (see FIGS. 2 and 3).

The results of the experiments reflected in this example appear todemonstrate that the need for nitrogen application may be reduced fromthe rate of 1.0 lbs N/M, the rate that is commonly applied during commonbermudagrass establishment, by the application of a mineral complex ofthe invention, namely, a mineral complex comprising 96 wt. % complex 1set forth in Table 3 and 4 wt. % complex 2 set forth in Table 3 at arate of 2000 lbs/acre. Common bermudagrass established using the mineralcomplex and a nitrogen application rate of 0.5 lbs N/M exhibited asimilar pattern in ground cover and root development as the 1 lbs N/Mcontrols. It is believed that the ability of the mineral complex toenhance bermudagrass establishment may be due in part to its ability tomaintain higher soil water content. By increasing soil water content, itis further believed that common bermudagrass is capable of developing astronger root system that is more effective at nitrogen uptake,resulting in better plant growth. Because water is often a limitingfactor that negatively affects vegetation establishment, maintenance ofhigher soil water content is believed to be beneficial during grassestablishment.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing”are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, butnot limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of valuesherein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referringindividually to each separate value falling within the range, unlessotherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated intothe specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methodsdescribed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwiseindicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The useof any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the inventionand does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unlessotherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construedas indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice ofthe invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention.Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Theinventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations asappropriate, and the inventor intends for the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisinvention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

1. A mineral complex comprising about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % SiO₂,about 6 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 4 wt. % to about 12 wt. %.CaO, and about 2 wt. % to about 8 wt. % MgO.
 2. The mineral complex ofclaim 1, wherein the mineral complex comprises about 47 wt. % to about54 wt. % SiO₂.
 3. The mineral complex of claim 1, wherein the mineralcomplex comprises about 9 wt. % to about 15 wt. % Fe₂O₃.
 4. The mineralcomplex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complex comprises about 6 wt. %to about 10 wt. % CaO.
 5. The mineral complex of claim 1, wherein themineral complex comprises about 4 wt. % to about 7 wt. % MgO.
 6. Themineral complex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complex comprises about47 wt. % to about 54 wt. % SiO₂, about 9 wt. % to about 15 wt. % Fe₂O₃,about 6 wt. % to about 10 wt. % CaO, and about 4 wt. % to about 7 wt. %MgO.
 7. The mineral complex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complexcomprises about 48 wt. % to about 53 wt. % SiO₂, about 10 wt. % to about14 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 6 wt. % to about 9 wt. % CaO, and about 4 wt. % toabout 6 wt. % MgO.
 8. The mineral complex of claim 1, wherein themineral complex comprises about 49 wt. % to about 53 wt. % SiO₂, about 9wt. % to about 12 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 7 wt. % to about 9 wt. % CaO, andabout 5 wt. % to about 6 wt. % MgO.
 9. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein the mineral complex comprises about 47 wt. % to about 49 wt. %SiO₂, about 12 wt. % to about 15 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 8 wt. % to about 10wt. % CaO, and about 5 wt. % to about 7 wt. % MgO.
 10. The mineralcomplex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complex further comprises Al₂O₃,and wherein the Al₂O₃ is present at less than about 16 wt. %.
 11. Themineral complex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complex furthercomprises about 12 wt. % to about 15 wt. % Al₂O₃.
 12. The mineralcomplex of claim 1, wherein the mineral complex further comprises about1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % Na₂O.
 13. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein the mineral complex further comprises at least one rare earthelement selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium,lanthanum, cerium praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium,europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium,ytterbium, and lutetium.
 14. The mineral complex of claim 1, wherein themineral complex further comprises at least one of the following: K₂O,Cr₂O₃, TiO₂, MnO, P₂O₅, SrO, or BaO.
 15. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein at least 85% of the mineral complex has an average particle sizeof about 200 to about 400 mesh.
 16. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein at least 85% of the mineral complex has an average particle sizeof about 10 to about 200 mesh.
 17. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein at least 85% of the mineral complex has an average particle sizeof about 400 to about 6000 mesh.
 18. The mineral complex of claim 1,wherein at least 95% of the mineral complex has an average particle sizeof about 400 to about 6000 mesh.
 19. A device for the delayed release ofa mineral complex comprising enclosing the mineral complex of claim 1within a material which provides for the controlled release of themineral complex when the device is exposed to an aqueous environment.20. The device of claim 19, wherein the material is a cellulosicmaterial.
 21. The device of claim 19, wherein the material comprises atleast one perforation.
 22. The device of claim 19, wherein at leastabout 85% of the mineral complex has an average particle size from about10 to about 6000 mesh.
 23. A mineral complex comprising about 46 wt. %to about 50 wt. % SiO₂, about 12 wt. % to about 14 wt. % Fe₂O₃, about 8wt. % to about 10 wt. % CaO, about 5 wt. % to about 7 wt. % MgO, about14 wt. % to about 16 wt. % Al₂O₃, and about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. %Na₂O.
 24. The mineral complex of claim 23, wherein at least 85% of themineral complex has an average particle size of about 200 to about 400mesh.
 25. The mineral complex of claim 23, wherein at least 85% of themineral complex has an average particle size of about 10 to about 200mesh.
 26. The mineral complex of claim 23, wherein at least 85% of themineral complex has an average particle size of about 400 to about 6000mesh.